November 26, 2018 when you are conducting tests on explosives, a common requirement is to determine tnt equivalency. The explosive yield of tnt is considered to be the standard. An understanding of detonation products and decomposition rules is important for calculating the detonation energy. The majority of air blast and impulse equations predict for tnt, and it is therefore convert the explosive mass into equivalent tnt charge mass. A more energetic explosive than tnt, it was used widely in world war ii and remains common in military applications it is often used in mixtures with other explosives and plasticizers or.
Department of defense ammunition and explosives hazard classification procedures history. Characteristic overpressureimpulsedistance curves for the. The difference in these books is the obvious hyperbole of the secret as opposed to the gripping truth of the words written by claude bristol. Factors for equivalent weight of composition b explosive equivalent factor comp b 1. Enter the value you want to convert tonne metric of tnt. Blast characteristics and tnt equivalence values for some. Tnt equivalent weight analysis the equivalent weight of a particular energetic material is the weight of some assumed standard explosive like tnt required to produce a selected shockwave parameter of equal magnitude to that produced by a unit weight of the test material in question. The most basic an explosive is called anfo ammonium nitratefuel oil. The difference in these books is the obvious hyperbole of the secret as opposed to the gripping truth of.
We have supplied literally hundreds and hundreds of gears for use both domestically, internationally and u. Numerical studies of tntequivalent mass factors for four high explosives petn, composition b, pentolite and tetryl for incident and normally reflected peak overpressure and impulse are. Tnt equivalent is a convention for expressing energy, typically used to describe the energy released in an explosion. Dec 23, 2017 for engineers, tnt equivalency is a very simple tool.
Characteristic overpressureimpulsedistance curves for. Most energy from an earthquake is not transmitted to and through the surface. Ime tnt equivalence calculator the term tnt equivalence is a normalization technique for equating properties of an explosive to tnt, the standard. Richter magnitude scale and energy equivalents in terms of tnt explosive force february 3, 2016 0 the following table lists the approximate energy equivalents in terms of tnt explosive force though note that the earthquake energy is released underground rather than overground. An explosive containing ammonium nitrate sensitized with trinitrotoluene. Tnt equivalent synonyms, tnt equivalent pronunciation, tnt equivalent translation, english dictionary definition of tnt equivalent. A common example is composite b3 which is made up of a 6436 mixture of rdx c 3 h 6 n 6 o 6 and tnt. Richter magnitude scale and energy equivalents in terms of. Here youll find current best sellers in books, new releases in books, deals in books, kindle ebooks, audible audiobooks, and so much more. The equivalent mass of tnt is found by sochet 2010, equation 4. To switch the unit simply find the one you want on the page and click it. A given material will have several equivalent weights. This publication sets forth detailed procedures for hazard classifying am munition and explosives in accordance with department of transportation.
Chemically, it is classified as a nitramide, chemically similar to hmx. High explosive equivalency values for each test series were obtained as a function. Tnt equivalent is a convention for expressing energy, typically used to describe the energy. Find out information about tntammonium nitrate explosive. This is a conversion chart for tonne metric of tnt tnt energy equivalent. The only problem with anfo is that it requires a booster of about 1 lb of tnt or its equivalent to detonate. There are many ways to calculate tnt equivalence and the term is often misused because the property in question and basis for the equivalence are not defined.
Tnt equivalent is a measure of the energy released from the detonation of a nuclear weapon, or from the explosion of a given quantity of fissionable material, in terms of the amount of tnt. So i think that kevin mcneill has given you the most conclusive answer, which is tnt with a detonation velocity of 7300 ms while c4 91% rdx velocity of 8040 ms. Chemical explosives federation of american scientists. Based on the minimum free energy method, this paper programmed composition with matlab.
Cole and 2002 bali nightclub bombings recommended in alqaedas traditional curriculum of explosives training. Some explosives are mixtures of chemicals that do not react and are known as composites. Tnt is a yellowish compound with the chemical name trinitrotoluene trynightrowtallyoueen, which is somewhat easier to remember. Oct 18, 2019 the majority of air blast and impulse equations predict for tnt, and it is therefore convert the explosive mass into equivalent tnt charge mass. Rdx is the base for a number of common military explosives. The model calculates the tnt equivalent mass w tnt, which is the mass of tnt that would produce the same effects as the amount involved in the explosion. For engineering purposes, the effects of blast waves on various target structures can be estimated quite easily with the aid of tnt. Analysis the effect of explosion efficiency in the tnt equivalent blast explosion model. Tnt equivalent news newspapers books scholar jstor. Introduction to explosives for official use only c4. Claude myron bristol, harold morrow sherman snippet view 1954 common terms and phrases. This is done for technical design reasons in scaling calculation such as for the prediction of blast waves, craters, and structural.
Bristol told us almost 50 years ago in tnt the power within you. As for tnt, its also a high explosive, but it aint dynamite. This yellow solid is sometimes used as a reagent in chemical synthesis, but it is best known as an explosive material with convenient handling properties. Influence of different parameters on the tntequivalent of. When you open a mytnt account, you can manage and monitor every package you send in one place, online. Oct 15, 2014 tnt equivalent is a method of quantifying the energy released in explosions. Dod ammunition and explosives hazard classification. Aug 29, 2008 as for tnt, its also a high explosive, but it aint dynamite. A gram of tnt trinitrotoulene explodes with energy between 4100 to 4602 joules. Sep 19, 2016 i try to understand what you really are asking.
This is done for technical design reasons in scaling calculation such as for the. Tnt, or more specifically 2,4,6trinitrotoluene, is a chemical compound with the formula c 6 h 2 no 2 3 ch 3. Tnt is a yellowish compound with the chemical name trinitrotoluene trynightrowtall. The energy density of tnt is used as a reference point for many other explosives, including nuclear weapons, the energy content of which is measured in equivalent kilotons 4. A measure of the energy released from the detonation of a nuclear weapon, or from the explosion of a given quantity of fissionable material, in terms of the. Threshold studies on tnt, composition b, and c4 explosives using the.
Procedia engineering 43 2012 449 a 452 18777058 2012 published by elsevier ltd. You can select a record and use the results in data entry. Journalof hazardous 111mrials elsevier journal of hazardous materials 50 1996 183198 blast characteristics and tnt equivalence values for some commercial explosives detonated at ground level s. What is the difference between a dynamite and c4 explosion. If you are tired of the kit gears that dont seem to hold up or perhaps if your specialty is building from scratch and need a source for the nonexistent hardware, then give tnt landing gear products a call. Tnt equivalency for overpressure and impulse for detonations. The equilibrium products of aluminized explosive detonation were. For engineers, tnt equivalency is a very simple tool. Analysis the effect of explosion efficiency in the tnt equivalent. Granular explosive consisting of rdx and plasticizing wax, such as composition a3 91% rdx coated with 9% wax and composition a5 98. Tnt definition is a flammable toxic compound c7h5n3o6 used as a high explosive and in chemical synthesis. Little boy was the codename for the atomic bomb dropped on hiroshima on august 6, 1945 using boeing b29 superfortress enola gay by the united states army air forces. Part of the lecture notes in computer science book series lncs, volume 5938.
This is a complete revision of tb 700 2, navseainst 8020. Tnt is an example of a relatively powerful explosive that is oxygen deficient. The term tnt equivalence is used throughout the explosives and related. Display a list of ranges for given town andor postcode.
In the yellow book cpr 1997, the index is chosen based on the. For example, the atomic bomb dropped on hiroshima had a tnt equivalent of 15 kilotons, i. Since standard engineeringlevel blast models are typically developed to predict airblast parameters pressure and impulse from tnt bursts, prediction of airblast from other materials uses an equivalence factor by which an equivalent tnt weight is computed and used in the source term of the model. The public is looking to all this new age material such as the secret in the hope of learning what claude m. The qd tables as used by accepted industry and government methodologies e. The energy density of tnt is used as a referencepoint for many other types of explosives, including nuclear weapons, the energy content of which is measured in kilotons 4. Blast effects of external explosions archive ouverte hal. The tnt equivalent of an event is expressed as a mass, and represents the amount of trinitrotoluene whose detonation would be required to produce the amount of energy in question the method was originally used to express the power of nuclear detonations as a. An fertilizer comes in the form of prills pellets that can be mixed in a proportion of 96% an and 4% fuel oil to form anfo. The quantity of explosives and the required distance of separation qd determines facility siting. You can book, manage and track all your shipments directly.
A sdvosb service disabled veteran owned small business. Afghanistan albania algeria american samoa andorra angola anguilla antigua and barbuda argentina armenia aruba australia austria azerbaijan bahamas bahrain bangladesh barbados. Wharton health and safety laboratory, health and safety executive, harpur hill, buxton, derbyshire, sk17 9jn, uk received 10 may 1995. Tnt equivalent definition of tnt equivalent by the free. Rdx, hmx and comp b were assessed in detail and their tnt. In an actual explosion, the composition of the products is not always the same for a given. The objective of a siting evaluation is to protect personnel and facilities from explosive or other highly reactive operations through proper facility design or separation. In what follows, when the term tntequivalent is used, it shall be understood as the tntequivalent of an explosion, with all the parameters which can have an influence on its value. Tnt equivalent is a semiscientific method for quantifying the power of explosions, most popularly used for nukes. On the one hand, many experimental data are available on the blast damage done to structures, and on the other hand, the energy content of any source can be expressed in terms of an equivalent mass. Tnt equivalency test details test purpose the objective of a siting evaluation is to protect personnel and facilities from explosive or other highly reactive operations through proper facility design or separation.
Rdx is believed to have been used in many bomb plots, including terrorist plots. The results were compared with published tnt data, and tnt. Rdx is an organic compound with the formula o 2 nnch 2 3. The books homepage helps you explore earths biggest bookstore without ever leaving the comfort of your couch. It is a white solid without smell or taste, widely used as an explosive.
Tnt equivalence is a method of measuring, expressing and comparing the energy released during violent events typically, explosions. The following table lists the approximate energy equivalents in terms of tnt explosive force though note that the earthquake energy is released underground rather than overground. In other words, for each gram of tnt exploded, 4184 joules or one large calorie 1,000. Proceedings of the 24th military aspects of blast and shock. The problem of the reference thermochemical data is clearly illustrated and definitions of tnt equivalency are reported. To standardize for calculations, its agreed that 1 gram of tnt equivalent energy. Pdf an approach to determining the tnt equivalent of. Tnt equivalence values for spherical and cylindrical charges made of comp b and semtex a1 based on optimization tests. Research on the tnt equivalence of aluminized explosive. To book a sameday collection please login to tnt online.
It equates energy to a certain mass of exploding tnt. You can determine equivalency using all of the typical blast parameters measured. Tnt equivalent is a method of quantifying the energy released in explosions. Explosion of the tsar bomba, estimated 50 megatons in yield. This approach is widespread in the industry and has been codified in numerous manuals, books. To standardize for calculations, its agreed that 1 gram of tnt equivalent energy equals. Pdf analysis of criteria for determining a tnt equivalent. The ton of tnt is a unit of energy defined by that convention to be 4. The results were compared with published tnt data, and tnt equivalencies. We offer doortodoor shipping to more than 200 countriesconnecting people and businesses all over the world.
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